The OB size changes with afferent neural activity and is plastic throughout life consequently, the OB volume reflects the degree of olfactory function.
The olfactory bulb (OB) is a relay station between the peripheral olfactory receptors and cortical structures. The olfactory system consists of the olfactory epithelium, bulb, and tract and is connected to the cortical olfactory area known as the rhinencephalon.
The olfactory nerve is specialized and carries only sensory information. Leprosy causes hearing, vision, and taste dysfunction. The incidence of leprosy has decreased but it remains a significant cause of neuropathy worldwide as a result of peripheral nerve involvement, and it is endemic in developing countries. leprae, primarily affects the skin, eyes, peripheral nerves, and testes and tends to spread to the ears, nose, upper aerodigestive system, hands, and feet. Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease, is a chronic granulomatous infection caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Keywords: Olfactory bulb volume, Leprosy, Hyposmia, Anosmia, Smell, MRI, Orthonasal Introduction To our knowledge, this study is the first to show a reduction in olfactory bulb volume among leprosy patients. The patients in the leprosy group were severely hyposmic or anosmic and their olfactory bulb volume was significantly lower than that of the control group. No within-group difference was detected between right and left OB volume in either group.
The smell function test indicated that the OB volume of the patient group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The orthonasal olfaction testing indicated that all patients with leprosy were anosmic or severely hyposmic. Orthonasal olfaction testing was used to assess smell function. OB volumes were calculated by manually tracing the OB on coronal sections. Those who had a disease other than leprosy that may have caused the smell dysfunction were excluded from the study. All of the participants were evaluated using a detailed history to identify the probable causes of the smell dysfunction. Olfactory bulb (OB) volume, measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), was compared in 15 patients with leprosy and 15 healthy controls.
To ascertain the level and rate of olfactory dysfunction in patients with leprosy and to determine whether olfactory bulb volume is affected by the pathophysiology. What You Get: Metal Round Pen/ Pencil Holder x 1, our worry-free 24-month warranty, and friendly 24/7 customer service.This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. With Soft Pads: The desk pencil holder has soft pads on the bottom, keep it from sliding around your table and prevent scratches to the desk. Perfect size but does not take up much room. It looks beautiful and chic sitting on your desk, adding a nice touch.Our pencil holder stand is perfect for office, school, room, home office, college dorm, classroom, vanity and more.Ĭute Pen Cup: Measuring 3 1/8 by 4.0 inches (Dia x High), the pen stand is a good height and fits lots of pens. Simple and Elegant: The pencil holder cup is metal, hollow design and holds the color well. Versatile Pencil Holder for Desk: Holds your pens, pencils, markers, highlighters, flair pens, letter opener, scissors, mechanical pencils, sharpies, rulers, tiny screwdrivers and other desk accessories.